In the eyes of ordinary people, tree planting and afforestation are one and the same thing. But from an ecological point of view, a tree does not equal a forest. This principle is a bit like the truth that "a thousand boards are not tied together as an aircraft carrier."
At the “Asia-Europe International Symposium on Forest Protection and Sustainable Development†held in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, academicians from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and researcher Jiang Youxu of the Chinese Academy of Forestry pointed out that China’s current afforestation work is still blind and lacking. Scientific, frequent outbreaks of pests and diseases are one of the consequences of this blind afforestation. Therefore, strengthening research, improving science, and drawing on the experience of other countries is the key to China's future afforestation efforts.
Insufficient damage to insect pests According to statistics, China's forest pests and forest fires have increased. In recent years, forest diseases and pests have rapidly intensified, and are raging in various parts of China. Each year, the area of ​​forest pests and diseases reaches 120 million mu, annual forest growth is reduced by 17 million cubic meters, and economic losses exceed 5 billion yuan, far exceeding The loss caused by forest fires and seriously damages the ecological environment. Only in Qinghai, the birthplace of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, more than 20 species of forest pests and diseases began to be difficult at the same time in 1999, and 282 million mu of forest were harmed.
China has the largest and most dangerous forest pests and diseases in 6 categories: pine wood nematode disease, American moth disease, pine caterpillar disease, poplar tree disease and forest rodents. Pine wood nematode disease is a devastating pest for pine trees. Pine trees can die in two to three months if they contract the disease. This disease had been expanded to five provinces such as Jiangsu and Anhui two years ago. Only Anhui Province had accumulated 980,000 pine trees, and the direct economic losses amounted to 120 million yuan.
Since the end of last year, pine forests in some counties and cities such as Jichuan, Anfu, and Ji'an County in Ji’an City in Jiangxi Province have suffered large-scale insect infestations. Only in Ji'an County, it has been found that overwintering masson pine caterpillars have an area of ​​56,000 mu, and some mountains The field has become a disaster, and its pine caterpillar disease is the worst in the county in 15 years. A devastating new insect pest, Xiaoshi Pine Stem, has damaged 40,000 acres of wetland pine in Anfu County, causing economic losses of more than RMB 10 million.
In the first half of this year, a large number of insect pests occurred in Zhongdian County and Baoshan City, Yunnan Province. The forest affected area in Zhongdian County is nearly 40,000 mu, which is mainly caused by pine beetle insects. The forest in Baoshan City has an area of ​​nearly 20,000 mu, and there are at least 60 to 70 adult insects on each tree, and some have as many as 200 or more. Wherever the caterpillar goes, pine needles are almost swallowed. According to the preliminary identification, the pine caterpillar pests that occurred this time were mainly destructive pine caterpillars with mixed feeding habits and fast spreading speed. After more than a month of madness, most of the pine caterpillars have reached a mature stage from the fourth to the fifth instar. Once they reach the mature stage beyond the fifth instar, it is difficult for people to control them. This means that when the autumn comes, more forests cannot escape the doom of the second generation of pine caterpillars.
Pine trees are the main tree species in China's afforestation and are the main tree species in most famous scenic spots. This poses a serious threat to many scenic spots. In the case of poplar tree worms in many places, trees had to be cut down and it was difficult to control them.
The greening of the west is to say science Chinese forests have suffered increasingly severe pests and diseases in recent years. In addition to the causes of climate anomalies, the most important reason is the ecological imbalance caused by the unscientific nature of artificial afforestation and the fragility of forest resistance to pests and diseases.
Jiang Youxu, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Forestry and a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said: “China’s current afforestation work is still quite primitive, thinking that casual planting is afforestation. Therefore, only tree planting is pursued. Only the forest coverage rate and the economic benefits of forests are pursued, and forest ecology is rarely considered. It is not known that the fragile ecology formed by a single tree species is the root cause of future diseases and pests."
In the construction of the Three-North Shelterbelt in Ningxia, there was only one species of poplar. As a result, only the tree felling and the protection of the forest network were forced to cut down. Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, wished to plant 50,000 mu of poplar trees a few years ago, and it is now dead. Because the desert areas there are only suitable for grass and are not suitable for tree planting. The transpiration of trees is equivalent to a pump. When valuable groundwater in the desert area is “pulled awayâ€, trees only have to die.
The County Planning Committee of the Mizhi County of Shaanxi Province purchased pine seedlings at a price of 8 yuan each in the implementation of the national key ecological county project, because it is not suitable for planting in the local area, and it all died after being planted. In order to pursue economic benefits, some regions in the west have planted a large number of “rich forestsâ€, resulting in a single tree structure, poor windbreak prevention capacity, and the industry is facing similar problems.
These tragic lessons have not yet awakened people's understanding. Although some parts of the western region are implementing the construction of ecological projects such as returning farmland to forests, desertification prevention and treatment, and natural forest protection, many scientific research institutes specializing in ecological management are extremely lenient. Experts and scholars are lacking.
The Lanzhou Desert Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is a research institute for the world’s most influential sand prevention and desertification technology. The “grid square method†wind and sand fixation technology and the establishment of artificial ecosystems in deserts and arid regions represent the world’s current governance. At the highest level in the sand field, 50 countries and regions in the world have sent people to study and learn. Surprisingly, there are few people asking for advice in western China. Xiao Honglang, deputy director of the Institute’s Planning Department, reluctantly said: “A lot of places are implementing sand prevention and desertification projects, but few people consult us.â€
The “Three North†Protection Forest Construction Bureau spent three years to prepare the most complete and authoritative plan for ecological construction in the “Three North†region. It has always been put on the shelf. Until now, there is no government and ecological engineering construction department in the “Three North†region. To refer to and learn from.
Behind the neglect of ecological research institutes, some localities have blindly launched ecological projects, and afforestation does not speak science. In some places, in order to grab time, compete for projects, and require funds, they havetily introduced ecological engineering plans, and their scientific nature has been greatly reduced. In some places, only the trees are known. However, there is no scientific basis for the type of tree, the number of trees per mu, and whether they can survive.
The European Experience is Worth to Learn From the global perspective, what is currently doing the best in forest protection is North America and Europe. North America has a vast area and a small population density. The forest is protected without major damage. Europe is densely populated. Forests are replanted and protected after severe deforestation. Therefore, Academician Jiang Youxu believed that European experience is worthy of China’s reference.
Professor Koch of the Danish Forest and Geomorphology Institute, an international seminar on forest conservation and sustainable development in Asia and Europe, said that the work of planting forests and protecting forests in Europe is 250 years old. 250 years ago, Europe’s forests had suffered badly deforested misfortunes and the extent of damage was the same as in many developing countries today.
Professor Koch said that although Europe has had a history of 250 years of afforestation and forest protection work, due to different social development levels at different times and people’s social values ​​are different, so the forest policy is constantly changing. Detours, made a lot of mistakes, but also accumulated some experience. These experiences may provide useful lessons for China that is vigorously planting trees.
Europe in the 19th century was in the period of the Industrial Revolution, and the demand for wood increased. At the time, the purpose of afforestation and forest protection was to meet the demand for wood. Driven by this goal, European forests become a single tree species that is easy to manage and high-yielding, and biodiversity and the versatile value of forests are ignored. The result of planting trees is the subsequent ecological instability and the frequent outbreak of pests and diseases.
In the 20th century, Europeans recognized the importance of the ecological balance of forests. Therefore, when planting trees and protecting forests, try to consider reconciliation of reforestation and natural forest ecosystems as much as possible. In order to realize the goal of reforestation ecology approaching natural forest ecology, Europeans gave up the method of planting trees at the same time, and adopted different kinds of trees in different periods, so that different trees were staggered in age and space. Although the area of ​​such reforestation may be reduced, the protective effect of the forest is greatly enhanced.
Professor Koch also said that in forestry, positive methods often come from negative experiences. European afforestation and forest protection work has some experiences for China to learn from:
First, protect natural forests. Second, instead of turning semi-natural forests into forests of a single age and a single tree species, try to make it as close as possible to the natural state. Third, let the trees that have been planted become "real forests" as soon as possible so that they can be considered successful afforestation. This requires not only the planting and management of trees, but also the need to manage the entire forest, that is to say, "to comply with and support the laws of nature." 4. When planting trees, care must be taken to consider whether the newly planted trees are compatible with the ecology of the entire area. Fifth, give priority to local tree species. Sixth, there is enough patience, because it takes decades to grow trees to become a stable forest ecosystem.
Afforestation requires a soft environment Academician Jiang Youxu believes that Koch’s European experience is very helpful in raising China’s scientific understanding of afforestation and forest protection, but the key to the problem is implementation. Because the problems faced by afforestation in China are not only scientific understanding, but also lagging behind in forestry systems and mechanisms, inadequate policies, insufficient capital investment, and many other issues. These problems led to the lack of facilities and equipment, inadequate training of talents, inadequate subsidies, poor publicity and education, and low monitoring capacity, and directly affected the improvement of the level of afforestation in China and the implementation of policies.
According to the “Western Development News†report, there is a general tendency that the proportion of economic forests is too large, whether in cultivated lands that have been returned to forests, or plans to be implemented, in Yun, Gui, Chuan, and Cang. In Sichuan and Shaanxi, returning farmland to forests, economic forests account for about 70%. When the World Wildlife Fund recently conducted a study on the policy of returning farmland to forests and grasslands in the two provinces, it was discovered that almost all the economical forests were replanted. The proportion of economic forests in Yunnan and Guizhou is also close to 50%.
Experts pointed out that the excessive proportion of economic forests will affect the ecological environment, because some economic forests do not have the soil and water conservation effect of 30% of ecological forests, and it is difficult to achieve the intended purpose of improving the ecological environment in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.
In addition, the excessive proportion of economic forests will lead to the convergence of industrial structures and impair the interests of farmers. According to analysis, the economic forests of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Chongqing are roughly divided into four types: dried fruits, fruits, medicinal herbs, and others. The first two categories account for about 50% of the economic forest. In the dried fruit category, walnuts and chestnuts account for the majority. In the fruit category, traditional apples and citrus also account for the absolute proportion. In the long run, if large-scale economic forests are planted and the industrial structure converges, it will be difficult for farmers to obtain the expected benefits, and as a result, the forest may be re-deforested.
The lack of support for the current policies has also affected people's emotions of afforestation. At present, the basic measures for returning farmland to forests and pastures are "returning farmland to forests (grass), closing mountains for greening, substituting grain for food, and individual contracting." However, there are some problems with policy incompatibility. These problems are manifested in: insufficient compensation for peasants; related policies on taxes and fees are not yet clear; insufficient considerations for the necessary supporting inputs for planting and growing grass; and the cost of seedlings for planting and growing grass. The subsidy standard is far from the actual demand; the problem of surplus labor transfer and returning to poverty after returning farmland.
Due to the above problems, farmers have a certain level of suspicion about the implementation of the return of farmland to forests. In addition, local governments feel overwhelmed by the lack of clear provisions on the reduction or exemption of taxes and fees. In this regard, experts call for the need for the central government to improve and refine the relevant policies for the return of farmland to forests (grass) in order to ensure the smooth implementation of this major policy.
Tree planting is easy to forest
December 22 10:09:39, 2023
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