1 Introduction

Erosion leads to land degradation, triggers and exacerbates disasters, and triggers a series of environmental problems. Research and governance is the need to protect land resources and the basic guarantee for sustainable economic and social development. According to the latest national census of soil erosion area, the current soil erosion area in China has reached 3.56 million km2 (water erosion area 165km2, wind erosion area 191km2), of which the "water erosion wind erosion interleaved area" area is 260,000 km2, which has become the current soil erosion prevention and desertification The key and difficult points of governance.

For a long time, studies on wind erosion and water erosion have been independent of each other. Related studies have mainly focused on the erodibility of water erosion and the degree of wind erosion on wind erosion, and there are few studies on the complex erosion of wind and water. The erodibility of soil under the action of feng shui compound erosion is an important link in understanding the mechanism of feng shui compound erosion. Therefore, to quantitatively study the soil erodibility and its process and mechanism under the conditions of combined erosion of feng shui, establish an erosion model based on simulated experimental data and improve the fitting process based on field real-time observation data will become an important research direction in the future.

2 Observation system design

2.1 Objective

The AZ-WS101 feng shui composite erosion observation system focuses on the unified consideration of the external force, influencing factors and results of feng shui composite erosion. Through real-time monitoring of wind speed and wind erosion, rainfall at different time and space points during rainfall-runoff-soil erosion Real-time acquisition of grade, runoff flow and velocity, sediment content, and accurate measurement of changes in landform characteristics after wind erosion and water erosion, to study and evaluate the status of surface wind and water erosion and its influencing factors. Mainly used to study wind erosion, water erosion and wind-water erosion composite erosion mechanism, process and development law of grassland, farmland, slope, watershed and desert and other ecosystem types, providing necessary for the establishment and inspection of wind erosion and water erosion simulation-prediction models Data support provides a scientific basis for soil and water conservation and ecological construction.

2.2 System composition and technical indicators

The AZ-WS101 Fengshui composite erosion observation system is composed of observation units such as external forces, erosion results, and impact factors.

Technical index:

Erosion of foreign forces:

l Rainfall range: rainfall particle size 0.16 ～ 8 mm, particle velocity 0.2 ～ 20 m / s, minimum measurement intensity 0.005 mm / h drizzle, maximum measurement intensity 250 mm / h, rain visibility: MOR 0 – 99.999m, particle level 440 Species (22 diameters x 20 speeds);

l Runoff measurement range: weir: height 30.5cm, width 58cm, length 41.2cm, 0.02 ～ 55 l / s

l Wind erosion sediment measurement range 0-1200g, accuracy 0.1g; automatic wind direction control and automatic sediment collector; RAM memory capacity; 5min time interval, continuous monitoring for 80 days.

l Water erosion flow rate: measurement is 1 liter and 3 liters respectively; erosion sample collection device: 24 sample bottles with a volume of 1L; the data collector can control the sampling stage and sampling order of the sampling bottle.

Rainfall simulator: 2-6 precipitation nozzles are optional, 2.5m installation height can realize effective rainfall area 1.5 × 4.5m, standard precipitation adjustment intensity 10mm / h ～ 100mm / h

Erosion results:

Micro-topography: the longest measurement time is 2.5 hours (with an area of ​​1m2 and a step length of 5mm); the resolution of the laser rangefinder is ± 1mm, and the resolution of the X, Y, and Z axes is ± 2mm; it is not affected by the color of the measured object and the air temperature ; Can be measured at an altitude of 0-3000m; The data is saved in txt format, making it easy to make three-dimensional graphics.

Erosion particle size and shape: 0.1–600μm, or 20–3600μm, 2-150 μm, 10-600μm, 20-3600μm

Factors affecting erosion: soil infiltration

3 Observation content

3.1 Fengshui compound erosion observation

The laser raindrop spectrometer measures the erosion process by measuring the kinetic energy, size, rainfall level and rainfall of the raindrops; the surface runoff measurement unit measures the runoff speed and runoff of the watershed in real time to determine the size of the surface erosion; the water erosion measurement unit is real-time , Automatically record the runoff of the eroded area and automatically collect suspended sediment samples; the wind erosion system real-time, measure and record the wind speed and sand flux.

3.2 Observation of Fengshui composite erosion results

The 3D laser landform analyzer can measure the landform after the water erosion under the natural conditions of wind erosion, water erosion and rainfall simulator simulation test conditions, and the result can be used as the erosion result, and can also be used as the ground sample data interpreted by the remote sensing image. The Eyetech soil particle characteristic analysis unit can measure the particle size and shape of runoff sediment samples and wind erosion sediment samples, used to determine the source of sediment and wind erosion in the process of hydraulic erosion and wind erosion, and provide a basis for analyzing the factors affecting erosion. In addition, the water erosion and surface runoff measurement unit is equipped with a collecting tank at the outlet, and the SEBA MDS 5 water quality automatic monitoring unit is deployed for a long time to continuously monitor the soil surface nutrient elements and pollutant levels and their growth and decline dynamics to achieve the migration of pollutants to the soil-plant-water Research on the influence of continuum or the fertilization process on farmland soil health.

4 Application case

4.1 Wind and water erosion measurement units are used to study grassland degradation in Hailar area

Hulunbeier grassland is one of the most well-preserved grasslands in China today. In recent years, due to various economic interests and the degradation of natural conditions, grassland degradation in this area is currently severe, and some areas even have the risk of desertification. Among the various causes of grassland ecosystem degradation, the effects of wind erosion and water erosion dominate. Therefore, research on the impact of wind and water erosion on grassland degradation has become an important topic in the study of local ecosystem degradation and restoration.

The Institute of Regional Ecology of the Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences installed wind and water erosion measurement units in eroded areas to monitor the fengshui outsourcing of grassland degradation.

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