The paper industry is a typical long-chain industry with long chain, heavy assets and diverse needs: the typical paper industry chain is “forest-pulp-paper-downstream paper”. Among them, the cultivation of fast-growing forests for pulping requires the storage of forest land and cultivation. The mature period of forest trees is long and it takes at least 5 years to harvest for production. The production of pulp and machine paper requires the purchase of large-scale papermaking equipment and supporting production capacity. 2-3 years or so; while the downstream demand growth rate slows down after China's rapid growth stage, and the cyclicality is gradually replacing growth.

According to the national economic industry classification standard, the papermaking industry mainly refers to the papermaking and paper products manufacturing industry, including the three sectors of pulp manufacturing, papermaking and paper products manufacturing; therefore, the papermaking industry has a high degree of correlation with some basic industries, such as forestry, Agriculture, printing, packaging, machinery manufacturing, chemicals, environmental protection, etc. In general, the papermaking industry is characterized by intensive technology funds, significant economies of scale, high resource dependence and consumption, and relatively dispersed industry concentration.

wood

According to the classification of plants, wood can be divided into two categories, and gymnosperms are commonly known as softwood or conifer. Angiosperms are called hardwood or broadleaf trees, or deciduous or evergreen trees.

The coniferous wood has a tight structure, high lignin content, and most of it is distributed in the cell wall, and cooking is difficult. The hardwood structure is more compact than the coniferous wood, and it is difficult to soak it. However, compared with the softwood, the lignin content is lower and the cell wall is less, so it is easier to cook than the coniferous wood.

The same is conifer or hardwood. Due to different tree species, its structure, physical properties and chemical composition are different, and the cooking conditions and the properties of the obtained pulp are also different. Even in the same tree species, it is inevitable that the sapwood, heartwood ratio, late wood rate and material production are different. Hardwoods usually contain more hemicellulose and less lignin than cork, while extracts are higher.

New varieties listed on pulp futures: paper industry framework

Commonly used coniferous wood pulp species are: Scandinavian pine, Radiata pine, Southern pine, red ceder, lodgepole pine, Cedar, hemlock, white spruce, black spruce, douglas pine (also known as Douglas fir, larch), larch, balsam Fir), Alpine fir, etc.

Pinus radiata and Southern Pine are common types of pulp used in American pulp, Chilean pulp and New Zealand pulp. Scandinavian pine is a commonly used pulping species in the Nordic countries, and several other species are common in Canada. Among the tree species in North America, the extract content of the dried wood is mostly less than 1%, and the extract of Southern Pine is slightly higher.

Commonly used broad-leaved wood pulps are: eucalyptus, acacia, poplar, birch, maple and so on.

Eucalyptus itself has many varieties, such as giant clams, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus urophylla, blue clam, lemon clam, willow clam, scorpion scorpion, red peony and so on. Some eucalyptus (such as 窿 桉) is not suitable for papermaking, and over-high proportion of eucalyptus is not suitable for papermaking, generally less than 0.7 is suitable. There is a certain difference in the quality of various types of eucalyptus BEK, so it is necessary to know what type of eucalyptus BEK is made of. Generally, BEK in Brazil is dominated by giant clams, Chile and Spain are mainly blue clams. China's Liujiang Paper Mill Co., Ltd. produces a certain amount of BEK, which is mainly composed of lemon tart and giant tail cocoon. Due to the wide variety of eucalyptus and the difference in regional climate, the quality prices of various eucalyptus pulps are also different. It is generally believed that the quality of Brazilian eucalyptus is the best, and Southeast Asia is the worst, but it depends on the specific use.

Acacia wood (also known as acacia or golden acacia), as a specially developed pulpwood, has the fast-growing and high-yield effect of no less than tropical eucalyptus, especially suitable for artificial planting in Southeast Asia. Come, with the rapid growth of production, it has gradually become an important option for the market. In terms of pricing, its representative brand, Acacia, has been keeping pace with Brazilian coffin.

Broad-leaved wood of trees such as Aspen, Birch, and Maple. Hard mixed wood, that is, mixed hardwood and mixed wood, that is, natural broad-leaved forest, in which there are many kinds of trees, it is difficult to enumerate them. Since most pulp mills first planted plantations after cutting down hardwoods, hardwoods will not be self-reliant. Recovery, so a trend in the future is that the number of natural hardwoods will gradually decrease. At the same time, due to the serious destruction of natural ecology by harvesting hardwoods, most of the pulp mills that cut down hardwoods are not well-known, and the environmental pressure is increasing. In the long run, the supply of hardwood pulp will gradually decrease and eventually disappear.

pulp

Pulp is a fibrous material made from plant fiber and processed by different processing methods. It can be divided into many sub-categories according to the source of raw materials, processing methods, processing degree, etc., and can be widely used in papermaking, man-made fibers, plastics, chemicals and other fields.

Pulp is mainly classified into wood pulp, waste paper pulp and non-wood pulp according to the source of raw materials. Wood pulp is divided into two categories, namely, softwood pulp (including wood pulp of Pinus massoniana, larch, Korean pine, spruce, etc.) and broadleaf pulp (including birch, poplar, elm, elm, Wood pulp of tree species such as maple, generally coniferous pulp has stronger toughness and stretchability than hardwood pulp. Therefore, a certain proportion of softwood pulp is usually incorporated into the use of wood pulp to enhance paper toughness. Waste paper pulp is a pulp that is classified and screened after recycling, and is warmed up by water, and is re-pulsed into pulp for reuse. In non-wood pulp, there are mainly three types: straw fiber raw material pulp (such as straw, wheat straw, reed, bamboo). , bagasse, etc.), bast fiber raw material pulp (such as hemp, kenaf, linen, mulberry, cotton stalk, etc.) and seed fiber pulp (such as cotton fiber, etc.).

According to the processing technology, pulp is divided into mechanical pulping, chemical pulping and semi-chemical pulping. Mechanical pulping refers to a method of making a fiber raw material (mainly wood) into pulp by simply using mechanical grinding action, and the products thereof are collectively referred to as mechanical pulp; chemical pulping refers to a method of manufacturing pulp by treating raw materials with chemical agents. The products are collectively referred to as chemical pulp; semi-chemical pulping (also known as chemical mechanical pulping) refers to a pulping method using chemical pretreatment and mechanical refining after treatment, and the products are collectively referred to as chemical pulp (CMP).

In addition, the pulp is divided into refined pulp, bleached pulp, semi-bleached pulp and natural color paste according to the degree of processing. The classification standard is mainly the degree of bleaching of pulp, and the pulp of different whiteness is also applied due to its different properties. Different papermaking industries, such as bleached kraft pulp, are used to make high-grade printing paper, newspapers, offset papers, and writing papers. The color pastes are used to make medium-sized printing papers, thin wrapping papers, and translucent papers and greaseproof papers.

1. Classification of bleached softwood pulp

Bleached softwood kraft pulp has two categories: Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp (NBSK) and Southern Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp (SBSK):

(1) Northern bleached softwood kraft pulp (NBSK):

Scandinavia: The Scandinavian countries produce only two main types of conifers, pine and spruce. Usually the fiber length is 3.1-3.3mm, and the diameter is only 30-32μm, which is shorter and thinner than the domestic similar varieties such as Canada. These fibers are uniformly distributed in the pulp and have approximately the same specifications and similar cell walls. This type of NBSK does not have a particularly high tensile or folding resistance. The tear is much lower than any of the southern policy leaves, but it has a higher bursting resistance and is higher due to longer fibers and smaller diameters. The number of fibers per unit weight (number of fibers / gram), so it is suitable for the manufacture of low-quantity coated offset paper, double-coated paper, single-coated paper, gravure printing paper, pressure-sensitive anti-adhesive Paper, etc.

Russia: The main species of NBSK in Russia are red, white pine and larch. Red and white pine are similar to Canadian spruce and fir. The late wood rate is low and the cell wall is thin. When combined with larch, it can produce better synergistic effect. Therefore, mixed pulping is generally adopted. The NBSK in the Russian Far East is roughly the same category as Scandinavia.

Canada: Canada's vast territory, the NBSK produced by the different species, the fiber itself has a large inconsistency, and China's imports of NBSK from Canada is also the most. Canadian forests can be broadly divided into six areas, and pulp mills are generally close to forest areas.

(2) Southern bleached softwood kraft pulp (SBSK):

Although there are seven major different species in this category, they all belong to the pine family. The four dominant species are thick-walled Pinus elliottii, Long-leaf pine, Thin-walled Pinus taeda, and Pinus koraiensis, collectively known as Southern Pine. The first two (sweet pine and long-leaf pine) are grown mainly in the southeastern United States and are ideally suited for fluff pulp absorbent products, silk fibrillation (deep caustic soda) products, infiltrated latex products, and chemical fiber derivatives. The end use of this type of pulp makes it more expensive than Pinus taeda and Pinus koraiensis. Thin-walled Pinus taeda has superior beating performance than thick-walled Pinus elliottii. The striking property of SBSK is that its tear (which weakens with beating) is much better than NBSK. The bleaching pulp of Fenghuang Paper Company and Paper Company of Guangxi in China is made of masson pine. The bleaching pulp of Yunnan Yunjinglin Paper Company is made of Simao Pine, which is among the SBSK.

2, bleached broadleaf pulp classification

Drifting pulp is generally no longer distinguished by several types of pulp compared to bleaching needle pulp, and the factors affecting tree species and supply are greater.

Bleached eucalyptus pulp, wood pulp made from eucalyptus as the main raw material, mainly produced in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Europe in South America, a small amount from Southeast Asia, a wide variety of eucalyptus, plus regional climate differences, all kinds of eucalyptus The quality of pulp is also different. It is generally believed that the quality of Brazilian eucalyptus is the best, and Southeast Asia is the worst, but it depends on the specific use.

Bleached Acacia (Acacia): The main producing area is Indonesia. Acacia (also known as All-Acacia), as a specially developed pulpwood, has the effect of fast-growing rivers that are not inferior to tropical eucalyptus, especially suitable for Southeast Asia. The artificial cultivation of climate, in recent years, with the rapid growth of production, has gradually become an important option for the market. In terms of pricing, its representative brand, Acacia leucocephala, has been spurred with Brazilian eucalyptus.

Poplar and other single tree seed pulp: mainly refers to hardwood pulp of Aspen, Birch and Maple, and the broadleaf pulp of a single tree generally reflects some characteristics in some aspects. , and the coffin and acacia wood samples, to find the "selling point", otherwise it will reflect reasonable value, but the supply of broadleaf pulp such as poplar, birch is relatively limited, if the master is not good to sell but only in order to If the market dumps, the general price will be slightly lower.

Hardwood: The main producing areas are Indonesia and parts of North America: hardwood, hardwood and hardwood, and Philippine natural broad-leaved forest. Among them, there are many kinds of trees, which are listed one by one. In most pulps, the hardwoods are first cut down. Planting plantations, hardwoods will not recover on their own, so the future trend is that the number of natural hardwoods will be gradually reduced. At the same time, the hardwood forests will seriously damage the natural ecology, and the majority of the pulps of hardwoods will be felled. Poor, the environmental pressure is increasing, and in the long run, the supply of hardwood pulp will gradually decrease and eventually disappear.

Pulping

Pulping: The process of dispersing a papermaking material into a single fiber is called pulping, and the obtained product is called pulp.

Pulping purpose: Dissolve lignin in the raw material, separate the raw material into individual fibers, and increase the specific surface area of ​​the fiber (surface area per unit weight of fiber)

Lignin is a complex phenolic polymer formed from three alcohol monomers (coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol). Lignin is one of the components that make up the cell wall of plants and has the function of connecting cells. Lignin is a polycyclic polymer organic substance containing many negative electricity groups and has a strong affinity for high-valent metal ions in the soil.

Chemical pulping principle: The chemical liquid is used to cook the tablet, and the chemical agent reacts with the lignin in the tablet at a high temperature to form a water-soluble substance, so that the fiber is separated and dispersed into a slurry. At the same time, cellulose is retained as much as possible, and hemicellulose is retained to varying degrees.

Chemical pulping is mainly divided into acid pulping and alkali pulping. Alkaline pulping mainly undergoes nucleophilic reaction by SH-, OH-plasma and lignin to break the ether bond of lignin macromolecules, macromolecules become small molecules, and lyophilic phenolic hydroxyl groups increase, lignin lyophile Sexual enhancement, so that lignin is dissolved from the wood chips. The acid pulping mainly produces lignin sulfonic acid through S032- or HS03- and lignin, and lignin sulfonic acid is combined with the salt in the solution to form lignin sulfonate, which is dissolved from the wood chips. .

papermaking

Papermaking is to disperse the obtained pulp to obtain a uniformly interwoven sheet. Paper products are usually divided into cultural paper, wrapping paper, household paper, special paper, etc. according to the use of finished products: (1) Cultural paper covers all printing and writing paper, including newsprint and non-coated cultural paper (double (adhesive paper, writing paper, light paper, xerographic paper, etc.) and coated cultural paper (mainly coated paper); (2) packaging paper covers all paper packaging raw materials, including cardboard (white paper, White cardboard, corrugated paper, cardboard paper, kraft paper, etc.); (3) household paper (toilet paper, diapers, etc.); (4) special paper.

Cultural paper refers to the writing and printing paper used to spread cultural knowledge. It is mostly used for information transmission and cultural inheritance. It mainly includes uncoated printing paper, coated printing paper and newsprint. Typical uncoated printing papers include offset paper, writing paper, light paper, SC paper, xerographic paper, printing paper, and the like. Coated printing paper mainly includes lightweight coated paper and coated paper, among which the proportion of coated paper consumption accounts for more than 90% of coated cultural paper.

Packaging paper refers to the general name of a type of paper used for packaging purposes. It is generally used for the outer packaging of downstream household appliances, daily chemicals, food and beverage, cigarettes and other industrial products. The main paper types of wrapping paper include corrugated paper, cardboard paper, white paper and white cardboard. Among them, cardboard paper and corrugated paper are mostly used in home appliance packaging and daily packaging, etc. Whiteboard paper and white cardboard are often used in the packaging of cigarettes, food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

The industrial chain of packaging paper is “pulp-paper-downstream paper”. Looking at the subdivided paper types of the packaging paper industry, it can be roughly divided into two categories according to the different raw materials. First, corrugated paper and cardboard paper, the main raw materials for production are straw pulp and waste paper. Corrugated paper is mainly made of natural hardwood semi-chemical pulp, cold alkali pulp or natural alkali straw pulp or waste paper pulp. After being beaten in free form, it is sent to a rotary multi-cylinder paper machine for papermaking; The raw materials are sulphate wood pulp, waste sesame pulp, cotton stalk pulp, waste paper pulp and rice straw pulp. The second is whiteboard paper and white cardboard. The raw materials of the whiteboard paper are mostly composed of wood pulp, straw pulp and waste paper pulp, while the white cardboard uses 100% wood pulp as raw material. The middle reaches are papermaking enterprises, and downstream paper products are mostly used in the consumer goods market, where cardboard paper and corrugated paper are the mainstream. The packaging paper industry is a typical resource-constrained industry, and the supply of raw materials largely affects corporate profitability and development.

Tissue paper is mainly divided according to the use scene, and household paper is generally used in daily life scenes. From the perspective of the market segmentation of tissue paper, toilet paper is the main product of household paper.

Responsible editor: Ge

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